This memorandum expresses the views of the author as of the date indicated and such views are subject to change without notice. The views expressed herein are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views, opinions, or positions of the author’s current employer, its affiliates, or any of their respective clients. The author’s employer has no duty or obligation to update the information contained herein.

Further, no representation is made, and it should not be assumed, that past investment performance or past outcomes are indicative of future results. Moreover, wherever there is the potential for profit there is also the possibility of loss.

This memorandum is being made available for informational and educational purposes only and should not be used for any other purpose. The information contained herein does not constitute and should not be construed as an offer, solicitation, or recommendation to buy or sell any securities, financial instruments, or to provide any investment, legal, accounting, or other professional advice or services in any jurisdiction.

Certain information contained herein concerning economic conditions, market trends, or performance is based on or derived from information obtained from independent third-party sources. While the author believes such information to be reliable, no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to its accuracy or completeness, and such information has not been independently verified. Any assumptions, estimates, or forward-looking statements contained herein are inherently subject to uncertainty and actual results may differ materially.

This memorandum, including the information contained herein, may not be copied, reproduced, republished, distributed, or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, without the prior written consent of the author.

Nothing herein is intended to, or should be construed to, reference or relate to any client engagements, confidential information, or matters associated with the author’s employment.